History Component

pre-1700: The trebuchet means the ancient sling. It was a piece of wood which was attached to an arm providing leverage. This turned into the traction trebuchet by the Chinese, in which a number of people pull on ropes attached to the arm like a lever. This type of trebuchet is smaller and has a shorter range, but is a more portable machine and has a faster rate of fire than larger firepieces similar to it. The smallest traction trebuchets could be powered by one person, but most were designed and sized for between 15 and 45 men. These people would sometimes be local citizens helping in the siege or in the defense of their town. Traction trebuchets had a range of 100 to 200 feet and wieghed up to 250 pounds. It is believed that the first traction trebuchets were used by the Mohists in China as early as in the 5th century BC.

1800: The carronade was a short smoothbore, cast iron cannon, developed for the Royal Navy by the Carron Company, an ironworks in Falkirk, Scotland, UK. It was used from the 1770s to the 1850s. Its main function was to serve as a powerful, short-range anti-ship and anti-crew weapon. While considered very successful early-on, carronades eventually disappeared as long-range naval artillery led to fewer and fewer close-range engagements.

1900: A mortar is a muzzle-loading indirect fire weapon that fires at a low velocity and short range. Sir Wilfred Stokes in 1915, crated a version of a more modern mortar which was able to be transported by one person.Theses cannons were also used widely during World War I.

Science Component

~Hypothesis~
With the Ideas from everyone in our group we think the with the right design and the right angle are cannon will shoot about eight feet out the cannon.

~Cannon Created~
Cannon Construction is not a very easy process, it takes allot of time and work to prepare an actual operating cannon. I’m Lea Cenname and I am in a group with Alex Pender, Tala Khatib, and Jennifer Williams. Each group is given 2 tennis ball containers, a pair of scissors, and one piece of 18 inch tape. Our group has discussed all ideas possible and has concurred on one particular idea. This idea is to cut one of the tennis ball containers twice. This way we can prop up the other with the two pieces of the other container. The following are our steps we used to create our cannon. Steps: 1. Find and Measure angle, 2. Decide what height we want the cannon to be propped at, 3. Once found we must cut the 2nd bottle to fit the standards that were set, 4. Cut the cut bottle to hold the other bottle, 5. Measure with protractor to find the angle, 6. Once found cut again, 7. Tape the small piece of the cut bottle to the uncut bottle, 8. Cut the other piece of the cut bottle to a specific chosen height and angle, 9. Tape that part of the bottle onto the uncut bottle, 10. Finish last minute touch-ups. The hard part of building the cannon was all of our conflicting ideas and shouting them out all at once. It got to the point where we finally had to just sit down be quiet and raise our hands when we wanted to say something. But we got the job done and we were satisfied with our result.

~Experiment Recorded~
Today we launched! But unfortunately our cannon along with everyone else’s, did not shoot the Nerf ball out of it. Our theory on why this happened was based on the theory of Gay Lussac's Law that say temperature is directly proportional to pressure. Today the temperature was lower than we expected which meant that the pressure was low. Since there wasn't enough pressure that built up inside the cannon the Nerf ball did not shoot out of the cannon at all. But we plan to recreate the experiment when the temperature is at a higher degree that way there will be more pressure in the cannon to be built up and hopefully we will get better results.

~Reflection~
If our group were to do anything different I would have to say that we should create a combustion chamber so the pressure could build up enough to send the Nerf ball flying. Of course I don't how well our original design would have worked because of the low temperature of the day resulting in the low pressure inside the cannon.

Math Component

1. The angle that we choose was 30 degrees. Our group chooses this angle because we thought that it was right in the middle of the high and low angles. We thought that if we went higher we wouldn’t get as much distance, we would get more height, but we wanted the distance. And we thought that if we went lower it would be too parallel to the wind and the ground. So that’s why we went in the middle of the two theories’ of the high and low angles that we had made. Creating our 30 degree angle.

2. The formula-
R= (Vo^2)(sin 2 theta)/g g= 32.2 (sec)

R(Launch distance)= 0
Theta(Launch angle)= 30 degrees

0= (Vo^2)(sin 2 theta)/32.2

English Component

1. Motivation:

• Every person has a time in their life where they have to listen to some one of their authority and have to take in what every that person says with out saying anything in return no matter how much they want. Weather it's a parent and a child, a teacher and student, or even military commanders and their soldiers, every one has been a role in one of those situations.
• When you leave home to join the military, once you get there you are no longer to every be the same as when you arrived. The soldiers are coming into practice with passed knowledge in their lives of how they grew up. The military commanders must take grown men and women and reshape their lives completely in order to be in combat and survive. They must take everything that the soldiers know and teach them to throw it out the window so they can start from new, so the commanders can start them from scratch and bring them up like as children becoming grown men. Using their techniques to shape them into the men and women that they want them to be. Weather that means using harsh discipline or not.
• I think team work is the most important aspect in order to complete any task. In the military soldiers first join to protect their country. After the first couple of week that you are still there your motivation to stay there is your family. Once that where’s off and you in the middle of combat you begin to realize that you are there for the guy fighting next to you. So if you mind is not set on team work, then you need to question yourself why you are in the military.
• The reason behind the discipline that the commanders give their soldiers is to keep them in order in and out of wartime. They make sure that if something were to happen the commanders would be able to have control of the troops at all time. During wartime if a commander can not control his or her soldiers drastic things could occur. Like friendly fire, multiple deaths that could have been prevented, or even loss of war.

2. Read and Analyze Poem:

• The poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" Tennyson discusses the nobility of 600 soldiers marching into a vividly described hell raising battle and although they did not all come out of the battle, still all 600 soldier should be honored by every one, for they went against an army of soldiers that were larger and stronger then them.
• In the poem Tennyson has sayings of which he creates to describe the intensity of the battle for example: Half a league: The army was much smaller than their opponents in the valley of death: The battle field Into the Jaws of Death: Into the Mouth of Hell: The soldiers charging into their known death.
• Tennyson uses repetition to describe the intensity of the battle. For example, cannons to the left and right of them- trying to get the reader to visualize the explosions in battle. He also repeats the saying, the six hundred; he says this repetitively to ensure the reader knows that the army is small and is taken a huge risk in order to win the battle.
• Courage and Honor- The six hundred men in this battle would not have gone into the war if they did not have courage. Being such a small army and so weak compared to their enemies. They were all aware of this situation and they still were willing to going into battle. And because of this all should Honor all six hundred who went and fought in the battle.
• Leaders and Followers- In this battle I don’t think that there was any leaders or followers for they all worked as a team instead of individuals. They trusted each other enough to stay alive and gain the honor of their friends and family.
• Justice and Vengeance- Although the 600 soldiers were going into but to get justice and although they did not get it they have justice with in themselves in order to have done that and come out alive knowing that they succeeded in coming out of the battle alive.

3. Overture of 1812:

• This is an up beat song which gives a feeling of power. Not once in this song is there a single instrument playing so that also shows teamwork. It starts off quiet but it gains strength and becomes louder we approach the heat of war and also where the cannons shoot off. When the cannons shoot off you can feel the pain off people dying in a large sum. It gives a feeling of victory at the end, hearing the fast pace and extended notes.